The War Of The Vietnam War - 1475 Words

In a high school education system that places emphasis on American history over world history, there are still many subjects that remain untouched. Prior to my own research for this paper, what little knowledge I had on one such event, the Vietnam War, came from entertainment-based programs and the play Miss Saigon. Despite heavy coverage in such well-known comedic films as Forrest Gump and Good Morning Vietnam, the true events were anything but a laugh for those involved. In spite of the relative recentness of the events in Vietnam, many of today’s youths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated to the American people. Having†¦show more content†¦The United States, which had offered its support to France during the encounter, acted as a signatory to the signing, and â€Å"as part of the Geneva agreements, the U.S. also pledged to limit its involvement in t he region, and to maintain only a small number of advisors in Vietnam† (Anderson and Bourassa). However, war soon broke out between Vietnam’s northern and southern counterpart in 1959, caused by the partition between the communist North Vietnam and the non-communist South. During the 1960’s he United States entered the conflict in Vietnam, mostly in fear of the spread of Communism. Without ever officially declaring war, the American nation entered the conflict under the claim â€Å"that it was defending South Vietnam against aggression from the North† (Anderson and Bourassa). It wasn’t until 1961 that the United States formed an official treaty with South Vietnam, agreeing to provide â€Å"provide military and economic assistance† (Badertscher and Goodwin) and would later sponsor a coup in 1963 that would result in the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, the first president of South Vietnam. The reason behind American involvement in Vietnam was not entirely unselfish. It was largely inspired by a fear of the spread of Communism and the control of the Soviet Union. The Vietnam War was by all rights a Proxy War- â€Å"a war fought through

The Age Of The Reformation - 2258 Words

It is a well known fact that the Age of the Reformation was one of the significant movements in Western Christianity. The Protestant Reformation was a turning point in religion. Martin Luther, John Calvin etc. were reformists that allowed the Reformation to occur. However, before them there were other efforts that had been done for the reformation by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and so forth. According to (Bainton pg. 12) â€Å"the 16th century was an age of faith. It was even more an age of faith than the preceding period. For a parallel, one must go back several hundred years to the years to the days of the First Crusade or even to the founding of the Inquisition. In the period of the Reformation men were ready both to die and to kill†¦show more content†¦Instead of continuing his path of education for a career, he surprisingly joined a Augustinian monastery, where he prayed,fasted, meditated, and studied the bible in 1505. (history guide. org)â€Å"at this point , Luther rejected the world. He was twenty-one at the time. In 1505, Luther tells us that he experienced the first great event of his life. In that year he experienced some kind of conversion after having been struck by a bolt of lightning. He cried out, Help, St. Anne, I will become a monk. He was struck by the hand of God and felt that God was in everything. He felt doubt within himself – he simply could not reconcile his faith with his worldly ambitions. And so, Luther was plagued by an overwhelming sense of guilt, fear and terror. To relieve his anxiety he joined the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine. There he would be shielded from worldly distractions. There he would find the true path to heaven. He fasted, prayed and scourged himself relentlessly. But he still felt doubts. One day, as he sat in his cell, he threw his Bible on the table and pointed at a passage at random. The passage was from the Epistles of St. Paul: For the justice of God is revealed from faith to faith in that it is written, for the just shall live by faith. (Romans 1:17)† A- Causes Indulgences: according to Varicana a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains

Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(132) " the radiant flux necessary to make the occupation, and that Archimedes would non hold used a method of such low chance of success\." Abstraction This study aims to discourse the subject of solar power and silicones. In that it aims to discourse the development of solar energy extraction engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours. Besides included in this study are brief treatments of the types of solar aggregators presently in usage and the developing engineerings in this field. We will write a custom essay sample on Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It further addresses the subject of silicones. First it will dissect the formation of silicones. The assorted procedures involved in the industry, and polish of Silicones. One of the purposes of this study is to discourse the multi-functionality of Silicones and their utilizations in industry, and specifically to turn to the issue of the usage of silicones in the solar Industry. The Final purpose of this study is to discourse the possible usage of silicones in PV faculties, in peculiar their usage as a coating for solar panels. Besides it aims to reason that the usage of silicones will lengthen the life of solar faculties by giving equal protection to the solar cells. The study is based on research carried out relevant to the subjects above mentioned. Research was carried out utilizing assorted web sites, a TCE article and books, subsequently referenced in the study. The consequence of this study is the research carried out on the subject. The chief decision of this study is the recommendation for the hereafter usage of silicones in the production of PV faculties. Introduction The topic of this study is to analyze the subject of solar power and potency for silicones in the country. The chief job being handled in this study is whether the usage of silicones is a executable method for bettering the life anticipation of solar faculties. Solar energy is a topic really much in current treatment as renewable energy Begins to be viewed with more favors, due to the frights of a possible deficit of fossil fuels, and an increased fright of the inauspicious effects of the combustion of these fuels. The intent of this papers is to foreground the possibility of solar energy as being a feasible beginning of energy in the hereafter and to foreground the betterments that can be made to solar cells, and thereby solar faculties by utilizing silicones as portion of their industry. The range of this papers extends to a brief treatment of the development of solar energy engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours. It besides briefly trades with the subject of the formation of silicones and their current usage. The research for this subject was carried out over a period of 10 hebdomads. Theory: Solar Energy History There is a popular belief that solar power has merely been around for the past four or five decennaries. But in world it has been around for much longer. Let us get down with the earliest reference of the usage of the Sun for the benefits of adult male, in the fifteenth Century BC. Though it may be nil more than a myth, there is reference of the â€Å" Sounding Statues † of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenkotep III. He claimed that his statues operated when the air in their base bases expanded after exposure to sunshine. Another possible myth sing the usage of solar power is 212 BC. In one of the most dramatic of early applications of solar energy it is said that the Grecian mastermind Archimedes. Harmonizing to legend he used a â€Å" Burning mirror † mirror to put the ships of the occupying Roman ships alight. He did this while they were still about 121.4 ft off. From Archimedes we move into the seventeenth Century AD The first application of solar energy after the autumn of the Roman Empire was in 1615. Salomon de Caux constructed the first device to be categorized as a â€Å" solar engine † . He constructed a device made of glass lenses, a supporting frame and an air-tight metal vas incorporating H2O and air. Its map was merely to bring forth a little H2O fountain when the air heated up during operation. It was considered more a plaything than a workhorse device. The physicist Athanasius Kircher ( 1601-1608 ) experimented during the mid 17th century with mirrors. He attempted to put fire to wood at a distance in an attempt to animate the so 1,800 twelvemonth old technique of Archimedes. Where Kircher worked with mirrors, a German mathematician, Ehrenfried Von Tschirnhaus ( 1651-1708 ) focused his work on lens type concentrators. He designed and constructed lenses up to about 30 inches in diameter. Using these he was capable of runing ceramic stuffs with concentrated sunshine. With this we take leave of the 17th century and switch our focal point to the eighteenth century. One of the most active figures in the eighteenth century with respects to solar energy was a Gallic scientist, George Louis Lecrec Buffon ( 1707-1788 ) . He was responsible for a series of multiple-mirror solar furnaces, the largest consisting of some 360 little planar mirrors, all separately focussed on a common point. In 1747, in the Gallic Royal Gardens, Buffon used 168 mirrors to light a heap of wood from a distance of about 195 ft. Buffon concluded that Archimedes could in fact have set fire to the Roman ships, but he estimated that he could non hold done so from a distance greater than 150ft. He based this decision about strictly on the premise that Archimedes was utilizing engineering far inferior to his ain, and hence could non hold equalled his ain device. Regardless of Buffon ‘s â€Å" decision † the inquiry sing Archimedes ‘ â€Å" Burning Mirror † still remains open. In 1977 D. L. Simms wrote in â€Å" Burning Question † Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) :64 ( 1977 ) 2, that â€Å" there are ample historical, scientific, and military evidences for reasoning that Archimedes did non utilize a combustion mirror as a arm of war â€Å" . Simms felt that Archimedes would hold been capable of ciphering the radiant flux necessary to make the occupation, and that Archimedes would non hold used a method of such low chance of success. You read "Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" Claude Poillet, a Gallic mathematician-scientist was one of the first people to concern himself with mensurating sunlight strength. He estimated that â€Å" the useable energy from the Sun per square pace of the Earth ‘s surface between the equator and about 43A ° N or S latitude was about 1/6 thermic unit per second, which corresponds to about one HP † 3. A Swiss naturalist, Nicholas de Saussure ( 1740-1799 ) , conducted the first recorded experiments in utilizing solar beams for cookery intents. His solar oven was called a â€Å" heat box † . Its composing consisted of multiple detached glass screens positioned over a blackened surface. The underside and sides of it were surrounded with insularity. It was recorded to hold achieved a temperature of 320A °F. The nineteenth century brought away a somewhat different solar oven. It was introduced by an English uranologist, John Fredrick Herschel. He built as little solar oven while on a trip to Africa ‘s Cape of Good Hope. It was constructed of mahogany painted black. He so buried it in the sand for intents of insularity. The lone portion of it left exposed was a dual glazed screen. This served to minimise heat loss from the top, while still allowing in sunshine. The oven is reported to hold reached a maximal temperature of 240A °F 1. In 1839 A. Edmund Becquerel, a Gallic physicist foremost discovered the photovoltaic consequence while experimenting with metal home bases. He discovered that some stuffs were photoconductive and could make little electrical charges when exposed to light4. However the first photovoltaic cell was non built until 1882, by an American discoverer Charles Fritts. He coated the semiconducting material Se with an highly thin bed of gold to organize the junctions5. One of the most fecund â€Å" solar energy innovators † was a Gallic Physics professor Augustin Mouchot ( 1825-1911 ) . Mouchot was responsible for originating 20 old ages of authorities funded experimentation with reflector type concentrators in 1860. His attempts in the field led to the construct, design and building of the first reflector devices based on the form of a abbreviated cone. These devices are now known as axicons. They were intended to concentrate sunlight along the cardinal axis of the cone instead than its predecessor devices which were designed to concentrate visible radiation to a individual point focal point. Mouchot built several solar powered steam engines between 1864 and 1882. Mouchot ‘s reflectors were built of â€Å" silver plated sheet metals, appropriately mounted so that the full device could be easy turned to follow the place of the Sun. The collection surfaces ( of a typical Mouchot assembly ) had an country of 40ft2 and was connected to a boiler which received about 87 % of the Sun ‘s heat † 3.Due to the available engineering of the clip the devices were connected to extremely inefficient steam engines, which yielded overall low public presentation. Though the eighteenth century brought the greatest organic structure of work on the solar energy forepart and the nineteenth century saw the superb Mouchot and his innovation of the abbreviated cone shaped reflector. It was the twentieth century that brought solar energy engineering to new degrees of variegation. In 1900 and 1911, patents were issued for sub-atmospheric-pressure solar engines, to E. H. McHenry. These engines used working fluids to bring forth power. Water was used to roll up heat and â€Å" a on the job fluid of lower boiling point than H2O ( was used ) to drive † 1.E. C. Ketcham received a patent for a similar system in 1905. The two- fluid system was introduced to avoid the low efficiency jobs which had been observed by Mouchot. The first experiments with level home base aggregators began in 1902. They were carried out by H. E. Willsie and John Boyle, Jr. The level home base device was a really shallow box with a black internal surface, a clear glass screen home base. The device was cooled by some signifier of transportation fluid flow normally H2O. This type of device does non concentrate sunshine as do lens-type and mirror type aggregators. However it is able to roll up and use diffuse sunshine every bit good as direct radiation, therefore their device was able to run over more widely changing conditions conditions. It was reported that though their device was built utilizing petroleum stuffs, its public presentation was such that â€Å" even in cold natural October conditions ( temperatures ) were high plenty to zap sulfur dioxide for the engine. â€Å" 1 In 1907 research began on level home base aggregators by Frank Schuman, of Philadelphia. Again, like Willsie and Boyle, H2O was used as the heat transportation fluid and a 2nd fluid was used to drive a steam engine. The fluid used was ether. His installing was located in Tacony, Pennsylvania, and included 1200ft2 of aggregation surface. The engine developed 3.5 horsepower, with a boiler temperature of 240A ° F. Encouraged by the public presentation of his units Shuman founded the Eastern Sun Power Company Limited in 1908. Types of Solar Collectors Presently in Use Flat Plate Collector hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/uploads/pics/flachkollektor-e.gif A level home base aggregator consists of an absorber, a transparent screen, a frame, and insularity. 6 Traditionally an iron-poor solar safety glass is used as a transparent screen. This is because it transmits a great sum of the short-wave visible radiation spectrum. Simultaneously, merely really small of the heat emitted by the absorber escapes the screen due to the nursery consequence. Besides the transparent screen prevents wind and breezes from transporting the collected heat off, by convection. Together with the frame, the screen protects the absorber from inauspicious conditions conditions.6 Typical frame stuffs include aluminum and galvanized steel, and on occasion frames are made of fibreglass-reinforced plastic. The intent of the insularity at the dorsum of the absorber and on the side walls is to decrease the heat loss through conductivity. Usually insularity is polyurethane froth or mineral wool, sometimes mineral fiber insulating stuffs like glass wool, stone wool, and fiberglass is used. Heat loss can be reduced within the frame by convection air can be pumped out of the aggregator tubing. Such aggregators can so be called evacuated- tubing aggregators. These must be re-evacuated one time every one to three years.6 This brings us to the subject of evacuated tubing aggregators. Evacuated Tube Collectors hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/typo3temp/pics/5fb2adc895.gif In this type of vacuity aggregator, the absorber strip is located in an evacuated and force per unit area cogent evidence glass tubing. The heat transportation fluid flow through the absorber straight in a U-tube or in counter-current in a tubing in tubing system. The solar aggregator is composed of several serially interconnected, or tubes connected to each other via manifold. 6 A heat pipe aggregator incorporates a particular fluid which begins to zap even at low temperatures. The steam rises in the single heat pipes and warms up the carries fluid in the chief pipe by agencies of a heat money changer. The condensed liquid so flux back into the base of the heat pipe. The pipes must be angled at a specific angle above the horizontal to guarantee that optimum degrees of the procedure of evaporating and distilling maps. There are two types of aggregator connexion to the solar circulation system. Either the heat money changer extends straight into the manifold, and called a â€Å" wet connexion † , or it is connected to the manifold by a heat- conducting stuff, and called a â€Å" dry connexion † . A â€Å" dry connexion † allows the exchange of single tubings without necessitating the voidance of the full system of its fluid. Evacuated tubings offer the advantage that they work expeditiously. An advantage offered by evacuated tubings is that they work expeditiously with high absorber temperatures and with low radiation. Higher temperatures besides may be obtained for applications such as hot H2O warming, steam production, and air conditioning.6 Solar panel hypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/220px-Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg ( PV cellsA connected together in a solar panel. ) A solar panel is a aggregation of interrelated solar cells which are besides known as photovoltaic cells. Solar panels can besides be used as constituents of larger photovoltaic systems used to bring forth and provide electrical power for commercial and domestic applications. Due to the fact that a individual solar cell can merely bring forth a limited sum of power, many installings contain a several panels. A typical photovoltaic system contains an array of solar panels, an inverter, complecting wires and a battery. 11 Photovoltaic Cells PhotovoltaicsA ( PV ) is a method of bring forthing electrical power by convertingA solar radiation intoA direct current electricityA utilizing semiconductorsA that exhibit the photovoltaic consequence. 12 On exposure to light electromotive force or a corresponding electric current is created in a stuff. The photovoltaic consequence is straight related to the photoelectric consequence. But the two procedures are different and should ever be distinguished. In the photoelectric consequence, negatrons are ejected from a stuff ‘s surface upon exposure to radiation of a sufficient energy. In the photovoltaic consequence nevertheless there is a difference. The negatrons generated are transferred between different sets within the stuff ( i.e. from the cornice to conduction sets ) , ensuing in the physique up of a electromotive force between two electrodes. In most photovoltaic applications the radiation, is sunlight and due to this ground the devices are known as solar cells. In the instance of a p-n junction solar cell, upon light the stuff creates an electric current as aroused negatrons and the staying holes are swept in different waies by constitutional electric field of the depletion part. Photovoltaic power coevals employsA solar panelsA composed of a figure of cells incorporating a photovoltaic stuff. Materials soon used for photovoltaics include monocrystaline Si, polycrystalline Si, formless Si, Cd telluride, and Cu In selenide/sulphide. P V Cell diagram Solar panels use light energy, i.e. photons, from the Sun to bring forth electricity utilizing the photovoltaic consequence. The burden transporting member of a faculty can either be the top bed or the back bed. 11 The modern photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 atA Bell Laboratories.A This extremely efficient solar cell was foremost developed byA Daryl Chapin, A Calvin Souther FullerA and Gerald Pearson in 1954 utilizing a diffused Si p-n junction. The interrelated solar cells are normally embedded in crystalline ethene vinyl ethanoate, fitted with an aluminium or chromium steel steel frame and covered with crystalline glass on the front side to do a solar faculty. The bulk of solar faculties use wafer-based crystalline silicone cells or thin-film cells based on Cd telluride or Si. The cells must so be connected electrically to one another and to the remainder of the system. These electrical connexions can be made in two ways. They are made either in series to accomplish a coveted end product electromotive force and/ or in parallel to supply a coveted current beginning capableness. A Silicones can be used in two applications during the fabrication procedure. First they are used for sealing the cell into the frame and secondly as an alternate method to ethylene vinyl ethanoate for encapsulating the solar cell. Coevalss of Solar cells In the last few old ages several new photovoltaic engineerings have been researched, with an purpose to happening as effectual alternate to silicon-based solar cells. The research and development in this country by and large aims to supply higher efficiency and lower costs per W of electricity generated. Some in the solar cell industry place different â€Å" coevalss † of solar cell engineering. First coevals solar cells: Solar cells made o semiconducting p-n junctions. Second coevals: Solar cells: Solar cells based on first coevals cells bur focussed on cut downing the cost f the same by using thin movie engineerings. Third coevals: The 3rd coevals is slightly equivocal in the engineerings that it encompasses. Generally it tends to include among others, PV cell systems utilizing multi-layer ( tandem ) cells made of formless Si or Ga arsenide, non-semiconductor engineerings ( including polymer-based cells and biomimetics ) , while more theoretical developments are still in consideration. These include frequence transition, hot- bearer effects and other multiple-carrier expulsion, quantum point engineerings, dye-synthesized solar cells and upconversion engineerings. Presently the theoretical upper bound of the transition of sunshine to electricity is 33 % for a standard solar cell. But the Carnot bound for the same is about 95 % . This opens up a window of chance for heightening the efficiency of solar cells two or three times provided that assorted constructs can be put into usage for bettering efficiency without bearing high costs. These cell engineerings have the possible to get the better of the Shockley-Queisser bound of 31-41 % power efficiency for individual bandgap solar cells. This is what has been attempted by 3rd coevals solar cells, alternate stuffs to tackle the solar energy. 10 Innovalight is one of the Bay Area-based Startups that have pioneered the development of silicon nanoink-based solar cells. Beginnings claim, lab efficiencies are every bit high as 36 % . Current Use of Solar Power Presently Solar energy is going progressively popular due to its sustainability, its little demand for care and its long term cost-effectiveness. 8 Presently the energy collected via the Sun is put to many utilizations. The chief being Water Part of the solar energy harnessed is used to pump H2O in distant countries. In peculiar it is used to power off-grid desalinization workss. Industry Solar energy has been used to power Television and wireless repeater Stationss, which are automated Stationss that transmit signals ) . It is besides used to power beacons, buoys and aircraft warning visible radiations on edifices and other constructions. Heat Solar energy can be used to heat residential places, whereby the energy is used to heat the H2O supply and, peculiarly in Florida, swimming pools are heated in this mode. â€Å" A photovoltaic cell is installed on the roof to roll up solar energy and is used to warm a heat transportation fluid that is used to heat the H2O itself. † Transportation system â€Å" Increasingly, solar energy is being used to power public transit vehicles such as coachs, streetcars and light-rails. Plans for solar-powered coach shelters are in the plants every bit good † . Consumer Merchandises Small appliance, such as reckoners and tickers, frequently use solar energy. Life Span Current solar cells have as effectual life span of approximately 20 to 25 old ages. Their value and electrical power end product lessenings steadily over clip. This occurs due to have on and rupture of usage. As the outer protective coating of glass wears off the internal constituents go more susceptible to damage.20 Theory: Silicones Silicones Definition: SiliconesA are inert, man-made compounds with a broad assortment of signifiers and utilizations. They are typically heat-resistant andA rubber-like. 13 Formation Silicones are formed by the transition of chlorosilane monomers into polymer merchandises. This normally involves 2-4 procedures Hydrolysis plus killing Acid decrease of the hydrolysate In some instances Conversion of hydrolysate to cyclic oligomers Polymerization Equilibration Or Bodying of the hydrolysate to cyclic oligomers Depriving Devolatilization Or Solvent remotion Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in the procedure of which molecules of H2O are split into hydrogen cat-ions ( H+ , referred to asA protons for convenience ) and hydroxide anions ( OHa?’ ) , in the procedure of the chemical mechanism.A This is a type of reaction used to interrupt down certain polymers, specifically those made by a step-growth polymerisation. Such a procedure is normally catalysed either acerb or base. A common acid used is sulfuric acid ( H2SO4 ) , and a common base used is sodium hydrated oxide ( NaOH ) . 14, 15 Silicon Production Silicon does non be on its ain in nature. Generally it is bonded with O, organizing stuffs such as sand and vitreous silica and granite stone. The silicon- O bond in vitreous silica is reputably so stable it can merely be broken by white heat. 9 Silicon manufacturers cut down top-quality vitreous silica sand to elemental Si via a carbo-thermic smelting procedure: Formula for cut downing sand to elemental Si This reaction occurs in an electric furnace at lt ; 1,400A °C ( lt ; 2,600A °F ) . In it the C monoxide gas ( g ) leaves the furnace so the Si can non respond with the C to organize Si dioxide. The liquefied elemental Si, which is about 99 per centum pure, is so cooled and broken into balls. When used in silicone production, the Si is ground into a all right pulverization to increase the surface country available for reactions. Methylchloride production Methylchloride is produced by distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid: Formula for distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid to bring forth methylchloride Two methyl groups ( CH3 ) must attach to each Si atom to bring forth one molecule of dimethyldichlorosilane. Dimethyldichlorosilane is the basicA silicone edifice block. 9 Synthesization of chlorosilanes Chlorosilanes are synthesized in a fluid bed reactor at temperatures runing from 250 to 300A °C ( 482 to 572A °F ) and at force per unit areas of 1 to 5 bars. The methyl chloride ( CH3Cl ) flows through a fluidized bed of Si metal powder.9 The reaction, is catalyzed by a copper-based accelerator, generates a complex mix of methyl chlorosilanes: Formula for the chlorosilanes synthesis reaction The methyl chlorosilane mix contains: A big sum of dimethyldichlorosilane ( Me2SiCl2 ) – the primaryA edifice block A moderate sum of methyltrichlorosilane ( MeSiCl3 ) Some trimethylchlorosilane ( Me3SiCl ) A little sum of methyldichlorosilane ( MeHSiCl2 ) Plus smaller sums of other silanes The chlorosilanes are so separated from one another through the procedure ofA distillment. Distillation of chlorosilanes Distillation is a procedure in which a liquid undergoes two stage alterations. One in which it transforms from a liquid to a gas and a 2nd where it reforms into a liquid. Each of the chlorosilanes produced during theA synthesisA phase has a alone boiling point. These boiling points are used to purify the chlorosilanes from one another based on the figure of Cl atoms attached to the molecule. Because the boiling points of the assorted chlorosilanes are so near together, really tall distillment columns are required to divide them. Once separated, the chlorosilanes are ready to be turned into utile siloxanes through the procedure ofA hydrolysis and condensation.9 Hydrolysation and Condensation of Chlorosilanes First H2O is added to dimethyldichlorosilane ( the principal chlorosilane ) , as this done the two react to organize disilanol and hydrochloric acid. This occurs because O feels a greater attractive force for Si than Cl ; and chlorine feels a greater attractive force for H than O ( Me = CH3 ) . 9 demand elevations text The disilanols formed are unstable and strongly attracted to one another. These are so catalyzed by the hydrochloric acid, where they condense into polydimethylsiloxanes -which are molecules incorporating a anchor of Si atoms bonded to oxygen atoms. Hydrolysis and condensation occur spontaneously, at the same time, and really rapidly. These reactions are a regular â€Å" ageless chemical science machine, † ensuing in a mixture of: Cyclic ringsA ( with 3-6 reiterating SiO units ) Linear chainsA ( with 30-50 reiterating SiO units ) The cyclic and additive oligomers ( mini-polymers ) are separated from one another and distilled into cuts based on the figure of SiO units in the concatenation. Some are used as they are ( cyclosiloxane and low-molecular-weightA silicone fluids, for illustration ) . But the bulk are furtherA polymerized and finishedA to make a broad array of stuffs with an astonishing scope of public presentation capabilities.16 Silicone Properties Silicones can be considered a molecular loanblend between glass and organic additive polymers. In which if as Si atom is bonded merely to oxygen atoms the construction formed is an inorganic glass called a Q-type Si. If one O atom is replaced with an R-group, such as a methyl, ethyl or phenyl, so a rosin or silesquioxane, or T-type Si, is formed. This type of stuff is more flexible than a Q-type stuff. Hereafter if two O atoms are replaced by organic groups, so the ensuing stuff formed is a really flexible additive polymer, known as D-type Si.19 This increased flexibleness found with diminishing cross-linking consequences in a low glass passage of the additive polymers. Due to this low glass passage silicones typically besides have a low modulus one time formulated and cured, specifically when compared to organic polymers. The modulus in additive silicones can be rather low by and large due to low crosslink denseness and in this signifier silicones frequently function to alleviate emphasis due a mismatch of coefficients of thermic enlargement, between two constituents in many applications. 19 Derived Merchandises Lubricants: Silicones are used to deduce a dry-set lubricator is delivered with a dissolver bearer to perforate the mechanism. The solvent evaporates go forthing a clear movie that lubricates but does non pull soil and grit every bit much as traditional â€Å" moisture † lubricator. Assorted silicones are used as several types of lubricating oils. They are used for bike ironss, air-soft gun parts and a broad scope of other mechanisms. Poting: Potting is a procedure InA electronics in which a complete circuit assembly is filled with a solid compound for opposition to floor, and quiver, and for exclusion of wet and caustic agents.17 Silicone is frequently used as a potting agent. Encasing electronic equipment in this mode improves the stableness of the equipment against, mechanical daze, electrical daze, radiation, and quiver. Other utilizations of silicone include Rainproof coatings: Silicone movies can be applied to silica-based substrates like glass used as a signifier of insularity. Fabrics may be coated or impregnated with silicone to organize a strong, rainproof complex such asA silnylon. Besides silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealer against H2O and air penetration.http: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caulking.jpg/160px-Caulking.jpg Silicones as Solar Encapsulants LED, Photovoltaic and other light sensitive devices require UV stable non yellowing encapsulants for protection and improved light transmittal. Optically Clear Silicones are best suited to this type of operation. These can be found in different scopes of hardness, viscousness, mix ratio, room temperature remedy, and heat remedy. This allows them to be adaptable and to run efficaciously in different conditions. Protection offered by Silicones Solar cells are presently being implemented in parts every bit diverse as Germany and the Sahara. In consequence this means that the silicones need to be able to offer protection against really diverse inauspicious climes. Silicones need to be able to protect against the effects of sustained rain showers such as those happening in Asia, during monsoon season, while besides being able to prolong continual harm caused by desert air currents. Following this Protection is besides required from the effects of continual alterations in the clime. One illustration of the gradual wear of stuff is due to Aeolian or wind eroding. This type of eroding occurs about chiefly in the desert, where many industrial graduated table solar workss are installed.18 Consequences From my research I have gathered that: Current solar engineering relies to a great extent on p-n junction photovoltaic cells. The current coevals of solar engineering is being implemented across Europe, in the United States of America, and major plants are being carried out in the African comeuppances. Current solar cells use a glass window glass as a screen for the external screen of the solar cell. The mean life span for a solar cell is between 20 and 25 old ages. Silicones have the advantage of being really versatile in their formation. They can be formed to accommodate the environment in which they will be implemented. There is possible in the current solar cell market for silicones to be used as screens, or coatings for PV faculties. Decisions Why Silicones and the PV faculty assembly market are perfect for each other: Mechanical belongingss that stay about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures A ; remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures. UV stableness Low Equilibrium wet content Electrical insularity Fire opposition Hi degree of adhesion Optical transparence Silicones are an ideal merchandise household to run into the demands in the PV faculty assembly market. Their citations include mechanical belongingss that remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures, and remain stable even after long periods of exposure at high temperatures. UV stableness, low equilibrium wet content, electrical insularity, and fire opposition are built-in in silicones due to their chemical nature. In add-on to this decently formulated silicone preparations can exhibit really fast remedy rates, high degree of adhesion to many hard- to stick-to substances, and optical transparence. All of these contribute to high lastingness in out-of-door exposure, and higher efficiency due to more effectual usage o the visible radiation from the solar spectrum. In the UV-visible wavelength part silicones are extremely crystalline, this makes them ideal campaigners for cell encapsulants. They can be formulated to hold low modulus and be stress alleviating piece besides holding first-class adhesion to the glass and cell substrates. Recommendations From my research carried out in this country of survey it is my recommendation that silicones be used as the criterion method for encapsulating PV cells, and thereby PV faculties. The current PV cells comprise chiefly of p-n junction solar cells, the general layout and design of which was discussed earlier in the study. Silicones would do a really suited covering/ encapsulant for these types of solar faculties as they can be formed into extremely flexible stuff that can easy surface the outer bed of the faculty. Once on the stuff the silicone can so be hardened/ solidified to organize a lasting coating on the PV faculty. The silicone coating can so efficaciously protect the constituents of the PV faculty from external harm caused by corrosion. This efficaciously means protection from the effects o weather corrosion, such as wear and tear caused by the rain, Sun etc†¦ †¦ As silicones offer protection from all of the above they are ideally situated to be used as solar encapsulants. Meinel, A.B. , and M. P. Meinel. Applied solar Energy-An Introduction ( Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , 1976 ) . And Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975 ) . â€Å" Burning Question † Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) :64 ( 1977 ) . Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California: Straight Arrow Books, 1975 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/about_5098013_photovoltaic-effect.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thegeminigeek.com/who-invented-solar-panels/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarserver.com/knowledge/basic-knowledge/solar-collectors.html hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/facts_5185557_current-uses-solar-energy.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx hypertext transfer protocol: //www.growthconsulting.frost.com/web/images.nsf/0/5C8C038AEE4690D96525744E001A9C9B/ $ File/TI.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone ( A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the â€Å" Gold Book † ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version: A ( 2006- ) â€Å" hydrolysis † . ^A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the â€Å" Gold Book † ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version: A ( 2006- ) â€Å" solvolysis † . ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dmoz.org/Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Contract_Manufacturing/Printed_Circuit_Boards/Assembly/ hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/erosion.htm The Chemical Engineer, November, 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //searchwarp.com/swa139552.htm How to cite Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Improving your Fitness Center free essay sample

An examination of how to provide or improve a fitness facility through better management, improved programming and additional training or equipment. This paper lays out strategies and concepts which are designed to help owners and managers of fitness facilities to boost their clientele and their image. It discusses the importance of effective advertising and the necessity for innovative new programs aimed at all age levels. Does your fitness center seem to be lacking business? Does it seem to lack those select customers that you imagined when you open your fitness center? There are steps the management can take to improve the quality and quantity of customers. Give it a boost by adding some new equipment, some motivation with bonuses, shake up the advertisements, and educate some local businesses. Your fitness center can be boosted from the humdrums to a busy fun fitness center with active participation from a variety of new customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Improving your Fitness Center or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Example Essay Example

Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Example Paper Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Introduction The object of this assignment is to produce a two year plan to implement a programme of integrated performance improvement activities in a small manufacturing company that employs about 30 people. Metal components are manufactured, and the factory is arranged around five machines in three cells according to small, medium and large components. Heat treatment and grinding and the other major operations, as well as secondary operations. The following text describes the situation on the factory prior to the implementation of a performance improvement programme. . Company History and Structure In 2000 the long-standing co-director and manager of the Company resigned, leaving the position open for one of the present staff. There were several contenders for the position, including the two office staff both of whom had worked closely with him for years and had been given management titles. Two senior and experienced shop floor staff were also contenders. The Chairman of the company was unsur e that anyone of these individuals possessed the skills required for the position, and consequently established a team of managers to run the factory. The management team consisted of the two office staff and one member of the shop floor who was elevated to ‘Works Manager’ to liase between the office and the factory. No hierarchy or line accountability was introduced. However, the Works Manager believed he was now the most senior member of staff. The office staff refused to accept this and consequently a power struggle developed. The company Chairman appeared to champion the Works Manager, however the Works Manager’s seniority was never formally acknowledged. Prior to 2000, the structure of the company was centred round the co-director. Without any production teams or team leaders, every member of staff was directly accountable to the co-director. The lack of any intermediate line management resulted in the co-director communicating directly with every member of staff. After his departure, the company structure remained the same, however with the new management team there were now three managers who could communicate directly with any of the shop floor staff and consequently all shop floor staff were directly accountable to all three managers! 2. Production Planning The following describes the production process and the associated problems. Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Body Paragraphs The production process began when a customer faxed / phoned an order to the office. The details of the order were placed on the computer system and a print out was produced with all of the order details, called a ‘works order’. If there was no raw material in stock then material was ordered and the ‘works order’ was placed in the ‘Awaiting Material’ tray in the office. When the material was delivered, or if there was material in stock, the ‘works order’ was taken from the office straight to the appropriate machine setter, where it was added to his pile of other works orders waiting to be made. The works order stayed with the product throughout the factory. 2. 1 Prioritising Jobs The Company is a jobbing shop, and manufactures thousands of varieties of products at relatively low volumes and consequently set up times for each job take up a significant proportion, typically 50%, of production time. The sequence in which orders are manu factured greatly affects the efficiency of production. When manufacturing the Company’s products, the set up times are reduced if orders of similar sizes are produced together. Other parameters requiring consideration include customer delivery date, secondary operations and customer importance. Unfortunately, there appeared to be little evidence that these parameters were being considered. The machine setters were prioritising their workload based on which orders would be easiest to manufacture. 2. 2 Prioritising Jobs -Effects of Customers The office staff would complete a ‘progress sheet’, providing details of the order, which was then passed to the machine setter for a delivery date. If the order had already been made then the setter would have to search the factory for the product, with no information concerning its location. Once the order had been located then a dispatch date would be obtained from who ever was working on it at that stage. This date would th en be conveyed back to the customer via the office. If the order was yet to be made then the setter would be asked to give the best date possible for that order and be obliged to put the order up next on the machine. In other words the customer was dictating the priority. . 3 Prioritising Jobs -Effects of Office Staff A machine setter was typically receiving 1 to 5 ‘progress sheets’ in a day. If a search was required to locate the order, this proved to be a very time consuming process. If the order was yet to be made he had to prioritise his work accordingly. He would receive ‘progress sheets’ from all three office staff, each saying the order in question was of top priority. The office staff may even request the machine setter cease his present manufacturing batch to commence the order in question. The promised dates provided by the machine setters were unrealistic and unachievable. The machine setters tended to tell the customer what they wanted to hear r ather than what was realistic. The machine setter received a confused and contradicting message from the office staff. His order priorities were based in this case on the demands of the office staff, each of whom reflected the level of hostility given by the customers. Typically 60% of all orders in the factory were consistently late, creating huge customer pressure and a permanent backlog. Lines Of Communication The many lines of communication between the office and the factory, and the on-going power struggle between the office staff, resulted in three independent managers passing instructions to shop floor staff without prior discussion. Each manager was unaware of instructions given by their colleagues and consequently none of the managers were aware of every activity being sanctioned. The resulting confusion on the shop floor created low morale, dissidence and very low confidence in management. The shop floor staff instinctively wanted strong leadership and direction, without w hich they felt disorganised and insecure, resulting in low morale and a lack of discipline. No formal communication forum existed at the time of the co-director’s resignation. The shop floor staff were aware that important company developments were taking place, but they were not given any information and were left to make their own conclusions. These feelings of isolation and insecurity resulted in further distrust in management. 3. 1 Communication Between Shopfloor and the Office Communication between the office and the factory was chaotic. The lack of intermediate line management, such as team leaders, resulted in every shop floor problem, however minor, being highlighted directly to one of the management team. This proved to be very time-consuming for the management team and often resulted in problems being passed from one manager to the next. 3. 2 Communication on the Shopfloor A further problem was the lack of willingness from shop floor staff to contribute to problem s olving. Not only was this a direct reflection of their low morale but was also a result of there being no formal communication forums to encourage their participation in problem solving and supplying feedback to management. 4 Product Flow and Bottlenecks The flow of products through the factory was very poor with major bottlenecks at the heat treatment department and the grinding department. The unacceptable amounts of work in progress at the heat treatment and grinding departments had both a negative and positive psychological effect throughout the factory. The machine setters felt discouraged by the work in progress ahead of them in the production line, knowing that however quickly or slowly they worked, and however urgent the order, there would still be a lengthy delay before the order was dispatched. This produced the feeling that failure to deliver products on time was inevitable and uncontrollable, and severely reduced morale amongst the machine setters. Ultimately, this resul ted in the machine setters working slower with less regard for the customer. The large amounts of work in progress also lowered morale in the heat treatment and grinding departments. Whereas the machine setters had a pile of works orders to manufacture, the heat treatment and grinding departments had large quantities of boxes waiting for completion, creating a very visible pressure. This stress was amplified in the grinding department by the fact that the majority of the work in progress was already late. The work in progress created stress amongst many staff but also gave them a sense of job security. They all believed that with plenty of work to be done, there would always be a place for them in the factory. The notion that the was and the economic climate was very concerning. This demonstrated a real lack of awareness among operators of the cause of outstanding work; operators viewed work in progress as a reflection of customer demand 5 Teams There was inevitably little or no tea mwork displayed by the shop floor personnel. In addition, there appeared to be a negative working culture where the etiquette was to work as little as possible and no harder than your colleagues. Nobody was prepared to assist a colleague outside of the boundaries they considered to be their job description. Those who openly wasted time without rebuke were seen as setting the benchmark for acceptable behaviour. Although there were no formal communication forums, to encourage their participation in problem solving, shop floor staff occasionally made improvement suggestions to their managers. However, the staff felt that it was not their responsibility to carry out the improvements and the managers did not have sufficient time to address the suggestions. The shop floor staff believed their suggestions were being ignored and their managers were arrogant and foolish. As a result relationships and morale declined. 6 Pay and Rewards Throughout its history the company had carried out an ann ual pay review for all staff. Along with many other companies, the pay reviews were initially in place to maintain pay in line with inflation. As interest rates and inflation fell to record lows the shop floor staff strongly defended their entitlement to an annual pay review. The pay reviews continued, however equal percentage increases across the company also continued as the norm. Although there was some evidence of management intervention for the pay review of certain personnel this appeared to relate more to favouritism than performance. Across the shop floor this created the perception that not only was performance not measured, it was also not important. As a result, the shop floor staff felt powerless and unimportant resulting in very low morale. The factory was significantly under performing, creating huge pressure on the three managers. The shop floor lacked confidence in the management team and the management team believed the shop floor staff should take more responsibili ty for the factory’s failures. 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Issues in US Foreign Policy Essay Example

Issues in US Foreign Policy Essay Example Issues in US Foreign Policy Essay Issues in US Foreign Policy Essay Current Issues in US Foreign Policy Within the term of each and every presidency, both the President and his staff make several crucial decisions regarding the the United States and its relationship with other nations. On the surface, such decisions may seem simple to make. However, this is not so. Many variables must be taken into account before each accord. Currently, several conflicts exist, ultimately which will need to be dealt with by President Obama and his administration in the coming months. Some notable ssues include Afghan security talks, Iranian negotiations, and drone use. While many Americans believe that the war in Afghanistan will soon cease, the United States will continue to be maintaining military outposts in Afghanistan. With the intention to fght al-Qaeda, the twenty five page document Security and Defense Cooperation Agreement Between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan will be debated in Kabul. The text itself is a working draft, having been revised several times since its conception in July 2013. Since its creation n July, the document has most notably adopted a restriction on US forces, stating that they [cannot] search any homes or other real estate properties and additionally may not make any detention or arrest (Engel). Most recently, President Hamid Karzai has stated that an exception can be made for extraordinary circumstances if President Obama agrees to issue an apology and acknowledgement of past mistakes in Afghanistan, with a promise not to repeat such actions (Nordland). The agreement must pass by the Loya Jurgi, a grand Jury, before being instated (Engel). Elsewhere in the Middle East, the US is currently undergoing negotiations with Iran. Currently the US and its allies are attempting to convince Iran to give up its significant nuclear activities in exchange for relief on sanctions. Under such a negotiation, Tehran would be subjected to more vigorous inspections. If the agreement is violated, the sanctions relief would be subject to reinstatement. Currently, the exact sum which would be given for relief is unknown (Madhani). Next week, the US, Britain, France, China, Russia, and Germany will meet with Iranian fficials in Geneva (A1 Jazeera). However, Iran has expressed wariness due to the recent attacks on their embassy in Beirut. The series of bombings led to the deaths of two Iranians, one of them a diplomat. Currently, Iran has accused Israel of launching the attacks (Yahoo! News). These events will certainly factor into the US relationship with both Israel and Iran. Another controversial issue with US foreign policy is its use of unmanned aerial vehicles, more commonly known as drones. Currently the drones are being used in Pakistan and Yemen in order to confront al-Qaeda leadership. It is estimated that 349 drone strikes have been carried out in Pakistan, with 61 in Yemen. The effectiveness of drones and drone strikes has been challenged as only 2% of the strikes have killed high level targets, according to The New America Foundation (Levs). However, the US is not the only country employing the use of drones. France, Germany, and other European nations recently formed a drone users club to rival the use of drones by the US and Israel (Breitbart). Useful but debatable in effectiveness, the issue of ith the new drone club. The Obama administration will certainly have its challenges to face in the coming months with these issues at hand. A1 Jazeera. Iran Minister Optimistic over Nuclear Deal. A1 Jazeera. A1 Jazeera, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Breitbart. Europeans Form Drone Club, Want to Compete. Breitbart News Network. Breitbart News Network, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Engel, Richard. Endless Afghanistan? Us-Afghan Agreement Would Keep Troops in Pla ce and Funds Flowing, Perhaps Indefinitely. NBC News. NBC News, 2013. eb. 19 NOV. 2013. Levs, josh. CNN Explains: U. S. Drones. CNN. cable News Network, 08 Feb. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Madhani, Aamer. Obama Asks Senators to Give Iran Negotiations a Chance. USA Today. Gannett, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Nordland, Rod. Key Issue Said to Be Resolved in U. S. -Afghan Security Talks. The New York Times. The New York Times, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Yahoo! News. Iran Accuses Israel of Being behind Beirut Bombings. Yahoo! News. Yahoo! , 19 NOV. 2013. web. 19 NOV. 2013.

B.F. Skinners Positive Reinforcement theory Research Paper

B.F. Skinners Positive Reinforcement theory - Research Paper Example This paper provides a detailed exploration of the theory of reinforcement while highlighting the facets of the theory as well as its organizational application. B.F. Skinner’s Positive Reinforcement Theory Background and Development of the Theory Many behavioral theories of motivation and learning have their main emphasis on the consequence of previous behavior on future behavior. In contrast, classical conditioning emphasizes on the responses automatically elicited by stimuli. The reinforcement theory argues that individuals will choose the response they exhibit to a given stimulus, and based on the outcome they will repeat the same choice in cases of similar stimulus in the future (Skinner, 1970). To further develop the theory’s suggestion, Thorndike (1911) developed what is now known as the Law of Effect which states that, with other factors remaining constant, positive responses to stimuli will be strengthened as opposed to the weakening of the responses to stimuli associated with discomfort (Michael, 2005). ... Positive reinforcement is as a result of the occurrence of a behavioral consequence of immense value that has a strengthening effect on the probability of the repeated occurrence of the behavior. This behavioral consequence is referred to as a reinforcer (Michael, 2005). A suitable example of this case is where a sales person trying a sales quota (behavior) exerts additional effort towards this goal, and the end result is a bonus reward (positive reinforcer). Administering the positive reinforcer makes it more likely that the salesperson will not stop exerting the required effort in the future (Montana and Charnov, 2008). Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement is as a result of undesirable behavioral consequences being withheld while at the same time strengthening the effect on the probability of a repeat of the behavior. Few people mistake negative reinforcement for punishment, but the two are different (Montana and Charnov, 2008). While negative reinforcement attempts to inc rease the desired behavior punishment strives to reduce the probability of occurrence of the behavior. Thus, Montana and Charnov (2008) believe that both negative and positive reinforcement have a trend of increasing the probability of the learning and repeated occurrence of a particular behavior. A suitable example in this case comes with the salesperson too. This time, the sales person exerts an effort with an aim of increasing the sales in their point of sale (behavior). Consequently, the decision that follows is not to reassign the successful salesperson to another sales point that is undesirable (negative reinforcer). Administration of this type of reinforcement ensures that the salesperson is able to exert more effort in the

Marketing Research in Theory and Practice Essay

Marketing Research in Theory and Practice - Essay Example Marketing Research in Theory and Practice Before embarking upon discussing the research report on the given topic, it would be appropriate to define some concepts and terms used in the present study. â€Å"Marketing research†, according to the American Marketing Association, â€Å"is the function that links the consumer, customer and the public to the marketer through information-information is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, evaluate and refine marketing actions; monitor market performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process.† In other words, marketing research refers to the systematic procedure for the collection and analysis of data regarding some specific market product. It enables the manufacturers, industries and companies to have a comprehensive and analytical assessment in respect of the views, preferences, requirements as well as prospects and perils of the consumers, retailers and stakeholders involved in sales and purchase of their product. The data gathered and interpreted during marketing research significantly supports the organizations draw out future plans according to the changing trends a nd scenario of the market. It is considerably helpful in enhancing the organizations’ volume of production and sales. â€Å"Marketing research† Zaidi & Javed opine, â€Å"concentrates on data collection related to market product while interacting with the consumers, gathering information from them and interpreting results about various aspects of a market product.†

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 20

Report - Essay Example on and agenda (reference, appendices) remember to look at the recommendations so that you take the necessary steps as we agreed during our last focus group discussion. Internews’ Free and Fair Media program focuses on election related issues. The program aims to monitor a number of radio stations in the state to asses their coverage of the electioneering period that is; Pre-election period, Election Campaign period, Polling Day and the day the Results were announced. This monitoring project involves monitoring dangerous speech in the media and the role of the media in promoting peace and conflict mitigation. There are different media topics being covered including, including gender, dangerous speech, issue based coverage, fairness and balance. The report looks into the challenges that the radio station faced and recommendations that when implemented could improve the situation. The report also documents the findings by the media monitors in the period 1st January – 9th March 2013. All cases of reported speech were independently verified. The geographical scope of the content covered was primarily national. This survey indicates that in most of the programs monitored, it is male voices that were dominant as both journalists and sources of information. In terms of political party coverage, Cord Coalition received much airtime compared to other political parties with campaigns and rallies emerging as the popular source of coverage. This report aims to finding out if KBC Swahili Radio station management and journalist’s adherence to the professional code of conduct, that is the journalism code of conduct and the electoral body’s guidelines pertaining coverage of its activities as stipulated in the constitution. The free and fair media program supports a group of media institutions and mainstream media outlets to report fairly and responsibly in matters relating to electoral process. By doing so, these institutions will be playing a positive role of

Causes and effects of childhood obesity

Causes and effects of childhood obesity Childhood obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and the condition is now obvious much earlier in life. Thirty years ago, less than five percent of children were considered obese. Todays figures put the number of obese American children somewhere between 12 percent and 15 percent! That translates into millions of children, preteens, and teens suffering from very adult conditions like diabetes and depression related to weight gain (Tessmer, Beecher, Hagen, 2006). Overweight and obesity in childhood are recognized to have significant impact on physical and psychological health. There are several causes that lead children to become obese. Childhood obesity is now considered a disease and is diagnosed by doctors. Not all children that watch television several hours a day or are inactive or just eat mal-nutritious foods develop obesity, many children get obese because of genes inherited from their parents. Some children become obese because of their lifestyle. For example, late-day or night eating, snacking and other behavioral behaviors have influence on the progress of obesity. Moreover, social and economic conditions are shown to have a significant relationship to nutrition and dietary intake. In addition, there are certain effects resulted from childhood obesity such as physical, mental, emotional, and social effects. Obesity in childhood is responsible of early development in girls and delayed development in boys. Its also found to be associated with numerous medical problems related to physiological, metabolic, and structural changes. What is more is that obese children are more likely to develop psychological problems. Physical, social, and mental well-being is considered health related quality of life. Low self-esteem and social discrimination can be noted in obese children due to physical limitations, feelings of isolation or loneliness, and teasing from class mates. Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and the condition is now obvious much earlier in life. Thirty years ago, less than five percent of children were considered obese. Todays figures put the number of obese American children somewhere between 12 percent and 15 percent! That translates into millions of children, preteens, and teens suffering from very adult conditions like diabetes and depression related to weight gain (Tessmer, Beecher, Hagen, 2006). Obesity is defined as a disproportionate buildup of stored fat tissue when compared to other tissues. Childhood obesity is now considered a disease and is diagnosed by doctors. Children become overweight for a variety of reasons. The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. Moreover, socio-economic factors have influence on children, which may cause a child to become obese. In addition, there are certain effects resulted from childhood obesity such as physical, mental, emotional, and social effects. Diagnosis of Childhood Obesity Only a doctor can diagnose children for obesity by evaluating adiposity, or how much fat a person has. Adiposity can be assessed using different ways, for example, by using an underwater scale, or by an MRI, but these methods are considered excessive and expensive. Another way of evaluating children for obesity is by measuring the distribution of body fat. Also, a chart called the body mass index (BMI) is used to optimally measure the amount of fat person carries most frequently to differentiate between just an overweight child and the one who is really obese. In addition to BMI and charting weight on the growth charts, the doctor also evaluates the familys history of obesity and weight-related health problems, such as diabetes, the childs eating habits and calorie intake, the childs activity level, and any other health conditions the child may have. Causes of Childhood Obesity After the child gets diagnosed as obese, the doctor will start investigating the causes that lead this child to become overweight. To begin with, there are several causes that lead children to become obese. First of all, many children get obese because of heredity. Because of some genes inherited from parents, those children have higher risk of becoming overweight. For example, not all children that watch television several hours a day or are inactive or just eat mal-nutritious foods develop obesity. Therefore, heredity has been found to have effect on fatness, distribution of fat on body, and response to overfeeding. It has also been suggested that heredity does not only concern the genes but also resulting dietary habits, food intake, and lifestyle, including physical activity level and spontaneous interest in exercise (Paˆ¡rà ­zkovà ¡ Hills, 2004). Moreover, mothers whom are overweight are found to born neonates that are less active and gain more weight compared to ne onates born of normal weight mothers, which suggest a preserving energy inborn drive. The information taken from genes can suggest that genetic factors can take role to determine the susceptibility of adding or losing fat in response to physical activity and diet. The life style of some children also plays a role in being obese. Some behaviors, present in certain children (late-day or night eating, snacking, etc.) ease the progress or persistence of obesity. Children spend several hours each day watching television, and eating lot of snacks that is high in calorie. Food is nothing more than easy to cook energy. The potential energy is measured by the calories that are contained in specific amount and type of food. A body needs a minimum amount of calories in order to perform its basic functions, and the recommended caloric intake for this purpose varies according to age, body frame, and activity level (Tessmer, Beecher, Hagen, 2006). Obese children do not show excessive appetite fo r sweet foods. Children and adults simply enjoy foods high in fat. Ice cream, cakes, and biscuits are all examples of high fat foods which are very popular among obese and non-obese people alike. Physical activity is important for achieving proper energy balance, which is needed to prevent or reverse obesity (Flamenbaum, 2006). Moreover, distribution of body fat is affected independently by physical activity which affects body weight. Last but not least, social and economic conditions have a significant relationship to nutrition and dietary intake. For example, as income increases, the type of the diet is going more likely to change in a persistent manner. In particular, the sugar, protein and animal fat intake increases, while the intake of vegetable fat, complex carbohydrates and protein decreases. Also, if the family has a higher income, there might be an increase in take away readymade foods intake which is high in fat content or an increase in intake of meat. The lower social s upport in low social class is associated with a high food intake and higher weight of children. Another study showed that children from low-income families who were exposed to less cognitive stimulation and who had an obese mother showed an increased risk of obesity independent of other demographic factors (Paˆ¡rà ­zkovà ¡ Hills, 2004). However, the general effect of these changes in consumption behavior with the high intake of total fat is the increase in the occurrence of obesity. Effects of Childhood Obesity As a result of the above, there are certain effects that might result in children from being obese. To start with, the physical effects in childhood obesity include, for example, the increase adult morbidity in men for gout, and in women for arthritis. Obese children are usually above average height for age (Dietz, 1993). Obesity in childhood is responsible of early development in girls and delayed development in boys. For women, menstrual problems in middle age are found to be associated with childhood. Men whom are overweight during adolescence have three times more possibility to develop gout when compared with men whom where normal weight. Furthermore, Obesity in childhood is associated with numerous medical problems related to physiological, metabolic, and structural changes. Its suggested that adult obesity developed from childhood may be more problematic than adult-onset obesity due to an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome (Vanhala, 1998). Obese children have a higher ri sk for developing hypertension, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Research shows that obesity in children, particularly during adolescence, persists into adulthood and is associated with an increased risk of many diseases including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory disorders, gall bladder disease, infertility and several non-fatal but debilitating conditions (Flamenbaum, 2006). Obese children have approximately a threefold increased risk for hypertension compared to their normal-weight peers. The prevalence of obesity in children affected by diabetes was on average twofold from the age of 2 years onward compared to control children (Paˆ¡rà ­zkovà ¡ Hills, 2004). What is more is that obese children are more likely to develop psychological problems. Severely obese children recorded their quality of life with scores as low as children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer (Walker, 2005). Physical, social, and mental well-be ing is considered health related quality of life. Low self-esteem and social discrimination can be noted in obese children due to physical limitations, feelings of isolation or loneliness, and teasing from class mates, in example, which is frequent in young people who are obese. The age of onset of obesity, presence of emotional instability, and negative evaluation of obesity by others may predispose an obese person to a disturbed body image. These include during the formative years. Disturbances in adulthood are often commonplace in those who became obese during childhood or adolescence Depressed obese children are more likely to stay depressed all over adulthood. Prevention of Childhood Obesity The technique used to prevent childhood obesity is by keeping the weight from coming back. Such technique requires great effort as overweight is not just a hit-and-run problem, where the child can simply drop the weight and be free from obesity the rest of his life. Its always easy to get overweight than to lose weight. A child who lived a sedentary lifestyle with bad eating habits is at higher risk of getting back to such habits because such habits are just easy to follow. Its so a lot easier for children to sit at home and watch TV rather than going outside with others or alone to play. This is why parents, physicians, and nutritionists should sit together and set a plan for the child. The plan should include the restriction of fast food and soft drinks, limitation of time allocated for watching television or computer, and promotion of physical activity. However, this plan must be monitored and supervised by parents and a physician to ensure the elimination of any side effects that might occur from the prevention plan. Conclusion To summarize, childhood obesity is now considered a global epidemic. There are multiple causes that lead certain children to become obese. Genetic factors and environmental conditions play a great role in the early development of childhood obesity, but the condition varies in different countries. In addition, it appears that there are dangerous effects that result from being obese which can continue till adulthood. Therefore, parents should be aware of their children life style and the food they consume to avoid such health problems in their later adulthood. Moreover, the picture of the obese child as unhealthy, unfriendly and fat is best to prevent as early as possible. As for prevention of childhood obesity, it is also recommended that parents, physicians and nutritionists set together to set the proper plan. Nevertheless, there must be raising in alertness, consideration, and public understanding for the matter of childhood obesity

History Of The Social Security Program :: American History

In 1935, after bank failures and a stock market crash had wiped out the savings of millions of Americans, the nation turned to their president to guarantee the elderly a decent income. In those days, only a handful of workers had access to pensions from their employers or through State governmental pension programs. Over half of America's elderly lacked sufficient income to be self-supporting. The Social Security Act was enacted at the urging of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to create a social insurance program that ensures workers would have a source of income after they retired. In the decades that have followed, Social Security has become one of the federal government's most popular and essential programs. Despite all our efforts to encourage savings and investment, the private retirement picture has not changed much in recent decades. Even today, barely half of all workers have access to retirement plans at work, and millions reach retirement age without enough private savings to provide an adequate living in retirement. Social Security is still the foundation for most seniors' retirement. Without this critical safety-net program, over half of all older Americans would fall into poverty. Social Security does exactly what it was designed to do. It gives retired people a secure, basic income for as long as they live. At the end of 2005, more than 48 million people were receiving Social Security benefits: 33 million retired workers and their dependents, 7 million survivors of deceased workers, and 8 million disabled workers and their families. Over time, the Democratic Party has implemented changes to the Social Security program in order to adjust to changing times. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson proposed and later signed the legislation to create Medicare. The Medicare program was added to provide universal, affordable health care benefits to retirees. Medicare is the largest health insurance program in the United States. At the end of 1966, Medicare served approximately 3.9 million individuals. As of 2003, it serves about 41 million people. There are 5.6 million Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in managed care programs. Medicare is an entitlement program similar to Social Security and is not based on financial need. Medicare benefits are available to all American citizens over the age of 65 because they or their spouses have paid Social Security taxes through their working years. Since Medicare is a federal program, the rules for eligibility remain constant throughout the nation and coverage remains continuous regardless of where an individual receives treatment in the United States.